Organizational Decision Making Approaches

Organizational Decision Making Approaches Introduction The main focus of this paper is about different approaches in making decisions in a business or company. Followed by insight into the process of making decision, and some influential factors. Finally, an assessment of manager approaches to risk and uncertainty in decision making is included too. Decision- making approachs The literature is rich in theories regarding decision making. Three main theories will be discussed and explained . they are as follow: the rational approach, naturalistic approach, and multiple-perspectives approach. The rational approach. In this theory the manager is expected to be fully aware about the whole situation before taking decision and at the same time to be rational (Turpin and Marais 2006). There are few elements must be available to facilitate the rational decision-making process (Turpin and Marais 2006). These elements are given by Simon ( 1997) : Intelligence : picking the right moment to take a decision. Design: creating, carrying out, and deep analyzing for all actions possibilities. Selecting : picking one choice from all available choices. Reviewing : analyzing possible consequences of the chosen course. (Simon 1960). In typical rationality, it is expected that the decision maker is aware of all possible choices, outcomes, have clear vision and methodology in prioritizing the outcomes, and be able to compare the outcomes and selecting the best (Kreitner, Kinicki et al. 2001). During the choice process, each possibility is linked to numerical value and the possibility with the highest value is determined to be the best choice (Turpin and Marais 2006). Naturalistic decision- making approach The concept of this theory is to put everything in its natural context before understanding and analyzing anything (Turpin and Marais 2006). What makes this theory unique from similar descriptive approaches is its empirical background (Turpin and Marais 2006). Recognition –Primed Decision (RPD) (Klein 1998) approach is the latest update of this theory. The RPD has been introduced by Gary Klein. He analyzed around six hundreds decisions taken in critical situations by ordinary and specialized people like doctors, military generals etc.. (Turpin and Marais 2006). IN RPD, experiences plays major role and the situation evaluation ability increases with the more experience the decision maker posses (Klein 1998). Based on his own previous experience the decision maker can assess the situation and what direction thing can take and then determines which choice to take. Once the plan has been implemented and things take unfamiliar course , the decision maker could collect new information and modify his decision (Turpin and Marais 2006). multiple-perspectives approach this approach has been presented by Mitroff and Linstone (1993) as an attempt to study a problem from all available perspectives (Mitroff and Linstone 1993). This approach has used Singer and Churchman’s (1971) idea of unbounded systems thinking, which considers any conflict is not isolated from any other conflicts (Churchman 1971, Turpin and Marais 2006). Perspectives in this approach are being categorized into three main areas. These areas are: technical, individual, and organizational (Turpin and Marais 2006). Technical refers to information collecting process in order to understand the system (Turpin and Marais 2006). Although some projects could be seen as rational or objective assumption of the situation, variety of technical perspectives could be obtained as a result of diverse analysts (Turpin and Marais 2006). Thus, it is highly recommended to develop and generate several technical perspectives of a system. Analyzing of major key-players and stakeholder to maximum limit is required to guarantee a comprehensive coverage of all possible organizational and individual aspects or perspectives (Turpin and Marais 2006). Despite of some decisions appears to be as brilliant and marvelous decisions , ethically these decisions are not accepted. Thus, In addition to three categories mentioned above, ethical perspectives should be always calculated (Mitroff and Linstone 1993). Decision-making process in depth Decision making process is a formula composed of two phases. The first phase is or expansive and the second is convergent (Russo and Schoemaker 2002). The first phase focuses on gathering and studying all possible decisions. The second phase is about eliminating some choices and coming up with one final decision (Russo and Schoemaker 2002, Turpin and Marais 2006). Decision makers usually the follow several different strategies. For example, creating several teams; within the company; with different approaches to coordinate and communicate , and come up with possible solutions. Another strategy is intuitive (Turpin and Marais 2006). Is this scenario, the subconscious plays vital role in the developing of some solutions. There are some similarities between the expansive stage and the design phase of the rational model of Simon’s (1977) and Mitrov and Linstones (1993) model of multiple perspectives style (Turpin and Marais 2006). In the divergent phase there are two possible scenarios. The first is when the person who is going to take the decision is reluctant and does not have the decisiveness or enough courage to live with uncertainties of his decision. Then the phase will be put on hold to the last second. The second scenario is when the decision maker is confident enough the convergent phase will not take long time and the decision is taken on the spot. However, there is very important factor in the convergent phase which is the balance factor. The balance factor means to be ready to receive and act accordingly to any new information. These information might not delay the speed of making the decision necessarily, even if they could influence it. On the other hand , in certain situations the balance factor might cause some disturbance in the convergent factor and lead the decision maker back to the expansive phase again. The decision making process is under the influence of many variables. For example , the sophistication of the conflict, limited time available, and surrounding environment (Turpin and Marais 2006). For instance, in dynamic and continuously changing environment such business the exploratory and convergent stages might be squeezed into one phase due to the time limit. Decision making influential factors These factors are as follow (Turpin and Marais 2006): full and comprehensive evaluation of the situation understanding the situation and putting everything thing in its context. Categorizing company processes into established frameworks, and appreciation of the value systems of people. Presenting data Overloading any decision maker with information could result in putting him/her in chaos. Effective organizing in of the information in elegant style could save the decision maker time and fasten the process . Implementing technology Nowadays, technology provides useful tools that can lead straight to the point and helps in analyzing the situation. Managerial Decision Making Under Risk and Uncertainty Risk in definition is a ( threat to success)(Chapman and Ward 2007). Risk importance comes from the fact it is inseparable part of any project or business plan and can be either positive or negative (March and Shapira 1987, RIPLOVà  2007) . While negative risk mean too low chances in success, positive risk equals great chances in getting successful results. Risk management main duty is to decrease risk possibilities in any project or business plan through systemic approach (RIPLOVà  2007). Attitudes to risk Attitudes to risk can be classified into three areas. These attitudes are neutral, in favor of, and overter (Boehlje and Eidman 1984). Averse risk person prefers to lose some possible revenue or gain in order to reduce risk probabilities. On the other hand, Risk pron- person has the attitude of accepting higher risk potential to gain extra. The risk neutral person has one main target or goal which is not to make huge outcome, but to establish sustainable gain on the long run. This person does not have that much worry about huge losses as long he is getting what he wants (Kaan 2002). to achieve successful decision planning and making , the decision maker must understand his own risk attitude and utilize it along other capabilities he has (Kaan 2002). Risk mamagment Risk management is well established method of how to identify the risk , analysis risk probabilities, track and assess risk continuously, and come out with best solutions to control the risk and reduce its influence or impact (Leonard 1999, RIPLOVà  2007). Leonard (1999) has divided the risk management process into 4 stages. These phases are as follow: Planning: Includes putting strategy; aim and targets, evaluating process, executing, and supervising actions; locating recourses, activates, and duties; setting up a criteria to track risk elements; and continuous and regular documentation and organize information (Leonard 1999). Risk assessment: The aim of risk assessment is to identify and analysis ; continuously, all possible risks linked to the system, as long the system is being active. The main purpose of risk identifying is recognize risks of concern. That could be achieved through identifying potential uncertainty/risk causes. Then converting uncertainty to risk. After that, quantifying risk ,creating probabilities, and prioritizing risk factors (Leonard 1999). Once identifying process is finished, the analyzing process starts. Risk analyzing process goal is to locate risk causes, evaluate the risk consequences, and what is the best substitutes. In addition to that, selecting which risk to be followed and what criteria to overcome that risk (Leonard 1999). Risk handling Risk mitigation is to follow planning and assessing risk. That can be done through many ways, such as, avoiding risk, controlling risk, and transferring risk (Leonard 1999). Monitoring and feedback: Supervising the progress of the risk assessment and collecting feedback about possible emerging risks. The outcome is yet to be informed to all participated facilities, so the integrity and smooth of the whole process is protected from risks (Leonard 1999).

Amandla Essay

These struggles are depicted through music. Upon further research, I discovered Amandla is a Nguni word meaning power. Amandla was produced by Sherry Simpson Dean and Lee Hirsch. The film is shown in chronological order, and also augmented with archival footage from historical events. Blacks in South Africa were denied many basic human rights while the world ignored. In 1948, the Afrikaner Nationalist arose, and during the 1950’s, apartheid policies were being implemented. Black South Africans were taken from their homes and forced to live in townships, where they had to carry passbooks, were meaninglessly tortured and killed, and also could be arrested for no reason at all. Although their freedom was inhibited, they expressed their pain through song. Currently, despite the lingering problems within South Africa, blacks and whites live amongst each other. The movie pays great homage to the songs of protest that halted Apartheid. Amandla begins with Prime Minister Verwoerd declaring racial segregation in 1948. It is said to be â€Å"a policy of good-neighborliness. † Vuyisile Mini, a composer who’s creation of protest songs eventually led to his hanging, is also being exhumed from his grave. Scenes from the Sharpeville Massacre, the Soweto uprising, and Nelson Mandela’s joyous election to the office of President in 1994 are all depicted in great detail. Mini is given a proper burial at the end of the film. The film explains how the songs touched people different from speeches or demonstrations. Different stages of the struggle for equality brought upon different songs. For example, Mini’s song â€Å"Beware Vorwoerd† and Vilakazi’s â€Å"Meadowlands. † These songs, and many others, showed how diligent the South African people were about their cause, and also was a symbol of the energy they had in completing their mission. Although music is a major aspect of the film, the interviews with those who had first-hand experience to the events. Many (like Abdullah Ibrahim, Hugh Masekela, and Miriam Makeba) were sent to prison or exiled. They spoke in great detail of how homesick they were and how hurtful it was not to be able to return to South Africa. White police officers and executioners are even interviewed. The climax of the film is Nelson Mandela’s release from prison with thousands of people happily singing and cheering his return from prison. He is eventually elected to president of South Africa. Although South Africa has much work ahead of it, it has progressed. People are battle against crime, corruption, poverty and AIDS. Amandla is a great affirmation to the past and gives inspiring hope towards the future of South Africa. It captured moments in history, while still explaining the present problems that exist, including the process of rapprochement. This film also does a good job of explaining that music has, and always will, play an important role in the complicated history of South Africa.

Comparative Correlative - Definition and Examples

In grammar, a comparative correlative is a minor sentence pattern containing two corresponding phrases or clauses, each one headed by the and expressing a comparative: the X-er . . . the X-er or the X-er . . . the Y-er. The comparative correlative is also known as the correlative construction, the conditional comparative, or the the . . . the construction. Grammatically, the comparative correlative is a type of paired construction; rhetorically, the comparative correlative is often (but not always) a type of parison. Common Comparative Correlative Expressions The greater the risk, the greater the return.The harder you work, the harder it is to surrender.(American football coach Vince Lombardi)The deeper our sorrows, the louder well singLife is pure adventure, and the sooner we realize that, the quicker we will be able to treat life as art.(Maya Angelou, Wouldnt Take Nothing for My Journey Now. Random House, 1993)The more we do, the more we can do; the more busy we are, the more leisure we have.(William Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age, 1825)The older the men are here, the more likely it is that they are wearing suits and ties.(John McPhee, Giving Good Weight. Giving Good Weight. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979)The more you tighten your grip, Tarkin, the more star systems will slip through your fingers.(Carrie Fisher as Princess Leia Organa in Star Wars, 1977)The less we deserve good fortune, the more we hope for it.(Seneca)The greater your achievements, the less satisfactory your personal and domestic life will be.(Saul Bellow, More Die of Heartbreak. William Morrow, 1987)The more you pay attention to the richness of the world, the more you allow your interest to be absorbed by things outside of you, the more interesting a person you will become. And the more you pay attention to the world outside you, the more it gives back: by a kind of miracle, it will become a more interesting place.(Barbara Baig, How to Be a Writer: Building Your Creative Skills Through Practice and Play. Writers Digest Books, 2010) 'The More the Merrier' This construction — schematically [the X-er the Y-er] — is commonly referred to as the correlative construction (Culicover 1999: 83-5); Culicover and Jackendoff 1999; Fillmore, Kay, and OConnor 1988). It conveys that any increase (or decrease) in the value of X is associated with, and may even be construed as the cause of, an increase (or decrease) in the value of Y. A notable feature of the construction is the fact that the word the which features in it is not a determiner and is therefore not to be identified with the definite article the. Some instantiations of the construction: (16a) The more I know the more I worry.(16b) The less they have to say the more they talk.(16c) The bigger they are the harder they fall.(16d) The earlier you start the more you chance you have of being successful.(16e) The bigger the risk the bigger the payout.(16f) The less said the better. It is also worth noting that although the correlative construction is highly unusual, given the general principles of English syntax, it is not totally isolated from the rest of the language. There are, in fact, quite a few bipartite expressions in which the first element is presented as the cause, precondition, or explanation for the second. Like the correlative construction, these expressions lack a finite verb. Here are some examples: (17a) Garbage in, garbage out.(17b) Out of the frying pan (and) into the fire.(17c) Easy come, easy go.(17d) Cold hands, warm heart.(17e) Once bitten, twice shy.(17f) Out of sight, out of mind.(17g) Once a whinger, always a whinger.*(17h) One for me (and) one for you.(17i) First come, first served.(17j) Nothing ventured, nothing gained. * This expression instantiates the construction [ONCE A N, ALWAYS A N]. Examples from the BNC [British National Corpus] include once a Catholic, always a Catholic; once a Russian, always a Russian; once a misfit, always a misfit; once a dealer, always a dealer. The construction conveys that a person is not able to change their personality or their entrenched behaviour.(John R. Taylor, The Mental Corpus: How Language is Represented in the Mind. Oxford University Press, 2012) The . . . the (129) The more John eats the less he wants.This construction . . . is composed of two phrases, each of which expresses a comparative. Both may be of the form the more XP... , in which case the first is interpreted as a subordinate clause and the second as a main clause. Or, the first clause can simply contain a comparative, e.g. John wants less, in which case the first clause is interpreted as the main clause and the second is interpreted as a subordinate clause.Of particular relevance to the present discussion is the fact that the internal structure of the more . . . is sui generis, in the sense that the learner must simply acquire the knowledge that an expression of this form can be used in the way that we have described. As shown by Culicover and Jackendoff (1998), the more functions as an operator that binds a variable, and the chain that is formed is subject to the usual locality constraints. The form the more . . . must be initial in the clause, and cannot pied pipe a preposit ion...(Peter W. Culicover, Syntactic Nuts: Hard Cases, Syntactic Theory, and Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press, 1999) The Little Word 'the' (6) The more a student studies, the better grades she will receive.In English, both the first phrase and the second phrase obligatorily begin with the little word the. The unacceptability of (7a) is due to the absence of the in the first clause, in (7b) in the second clause, in (7c), the absence of the in both clauses unsurprisingly also results in unacceptability. (7a) * More a student studies, the better grades she will receive.(7b) * The more a student studies, better grades she will receive.(7c) * More a student studies, better grades she will receive. (Ronald P. Leow, Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition. Georgetown University Press, 2009)

Universal Education - 1508 Words

11 important Problems of Universalization of Education and their Remedies SWASTIK Universalization of Elementary Education is Constitutional directive. Education is every bodys birth-right and it is binding on any government to provide facilities for education for children who are born and reach the school-going age. It was stipulated to achieve Universalization within 10 years from the introduction of Constitution and that is by 1960. But it is now more than three decades after the scheduled time. Now the problems with certain possible remedies to solve them have been discussed as follows: (1) Faulty Policy of Government: The constitutional directive is that states shall endeavour to provide free and compulsory education to all children†¦show more content†¦The condition of Scheduled areas is still more miserable. The hilly and impassable jungle areas with very poor communication and transport facilities fail to attract the present day luxury-loving young men. Teachers shou ld be provided with proper residence in the villages of their work. The question of Women teachers is very much special. So the question of teachers quarters, residential schools, especially residential Ashram Schools in the Scheduled areas should be provided. The quality of teachers can be improved by executing a training progrmme for the untrained teachers in service on basis of study-leave basis. (6) Establishment and School Buildings: Even the Third and Fourth All India Educational Surveys indicate that even now there are lakhs of villages and habitations without schools. There are nearly 4 lakhs schoolless villages in India which are to be given schools. It is not that easy to provide necessary funds for setting up such a large number of schools with buildings and other equipments. In order to meet this problem of new buildings along with the existing schools in private houses, temples, verandah of rich persons, residence of teachers etc. should be met by construction of low cost houses of thatch or tile with local materials; looking to the weather conditions of certain places open air stands may be taken up in the ShantiNiketan pattern. All the same, the Primary schoolsShow MoreRelatedThe Education Is A Universal Rights Essay1263 Words   |  6 Pages An education is a universal rights. Students should have the right to a quality public education regardless of their background. A true multicultural education ensures that all students have an equitable educational opportunity. Unfortunately, throughout public schooling many students are put through disadvantageous through no fault of their own. 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Why The 1981 Failed At Reforming Social Security Under The...

The reasons why the 1981 attempt at reforming Social Security under the Reagan administration failed, as detailed in Chapter 8 of Martha Derthick and Steven M Teles’ The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and its Legacies, boils down to the following factors: it did not have a clear goal in mind about Social Security reform (Derthick, Teles 187), it had a poor working relationship with Congress on the issue (Derthick, Teles 185), and leadership, on part of the president, was lacking (Derthick, Teles 192). In contrast, the attempt at reforming welfare in the 90s, as chronicled in Chapter 4 of Gary Bryner’s The Great American Welfare Reform Debate Politics and Public Morality, was successful because the Clinton administration worked†¦show more content†¦Those who have paid into the system expect to get their money back when they retire, which makes cutting benefits politically hazardous and explains, in part, why the Reagan Administration’s attempt at reforming Social Security failed. Social Security was facing insolvency if steps were not taken to resolve the gap between benefits going out and tax receipts being collected (Derthick, Teles 183). This prompted many actors in the political sphere to take part in the reform effort. The most influential actors in this process were Office of Management and Budget director David Stockman, Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill, President Reagan, Congress, and the Department of Health and Human Services. As a political actor, David Stockman was not too interested in the possible political repercussions of Social Security reform. Instead, he was mainly focused on the budget cutting aspect of reform, irrespective of Congress’ reaction. Stockman was the main proponent of the administration’s Social Security reform proposal sent to Congress that had â€Å"deep and immediate cuts in benefits for early retirees† (Derthick, Teles, 184). When Congress saw this proposal, they quickly disowned it (Derthick, Teles, 184). Speaker of the House Tip O’ Neill used this reform proposal and its ensuing rebuff from Congress to his political advantage; as a result, Democrats would forever â€Å"portray

Social Capital Free Essays

In recent decades, many social scientists have drawn attention to the importance of â€Å"social capital. † Social capital is meant to capture the value, economic and otherwise, that comes from social networks, through which people frequently interact with one another. But what if social capital ends up contributing to the rise of extreme movements, including fascism? It is well-established that individuals and societies can gain a great deal from civic institutions, such as parent-teacher associations, athletic leagues, churches and music clubs. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Capital or any similar topic only for you Order Now High levels of social capital have been associated with numerous social benefits, including improvements in health, promise-keeping, trust, altruism, compliance with the law, child welfare and individual happiness. Harvard University political scientist Robert Putnam has done a great deal to explore the beneficial effects of social capital. In his book â€Å"Bowling Alone,† he documented what he saw as its decline in the U. S. , connecting that decline with a wide range of social problems. Pointing to research by Putnam and others, many people have argued that the U. S. and other nations should make a sustained effort to measure and increase social capital, with particular attention to civic associations that help to generate it. At the same time, social capital can have a dark side. If people are in a social network whose members are interested in committing crimes, the existence of social capital will promote criminal activity. A fascinating recent study called â€Å"Bowling for Fascism† goes much further: It shows that the rise of Nazism was greatly facilitated by unusually high levels of social capital in Weimar Germany. The research offers an important and novel perspective on Adolf Hitler’s ascension to power. And by identifying conditions that help to spread extremism, it also offers significant lessons for the present, including the risk of terrorism. The study, conducted by New York University’s Shanker Satyanath and his co-authors, is based on a wide range of original materials, including Nazi Party membership lists and hand-collected data from 112 German towns. The central question: Who was most likely to join the Nazi Party? In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Germany had an exceptionally vibrant civil society that included clubs involved in hiking, animal breeding, shooting, gymnastics, bowling, fire fighting and singing. The authors’ principal finding is that in cities with dense networks of clubs and associations, Germans were far more likely to join the Nazi Party. In their words, â€Å"a dense fabric of civic associations went hand-in-hand with a more rapid rise of Nazi party membership. † It could be suggested that some independent factor, such as socioeconomic status or religion, accounts both for associational activity and for willingness to join the Nazi Party. But that suggestion is inconsistent with the evidence. Even if we control for these and other variables, a dense network of civic associations is correlated with significantly higher rates of entry into the Nazi Party. This finding undermines the view, held by some, that the Nazi Party succeeded by appealing to people who were socially isolated and that Hitler was able to draw support largely from the lonely and the rootless. But this evidence strongly suggests otherwise. Nazism spread in part as a result of face-to-face interactions by people who were in frequent contact with one another. Consider the chilling remarks of a Nazi Party member who recalled his growing acquaintance â€Å"with a colleague of my own age with whom I had frequent conversations. He was a calm, quiet person whom I esteemed very highly. When I found out that he was one of the local leaders of the National Socialist party, my opinion of it as a group of criminals changed completely. † The authors’ central findings fit well with emerging research on the immense importance of social influences on individual behavior. With respect to music, political convictions, voting and food, we constantly learn from others. Like-minded people tend to go to extremes, in large part because they learn from each other. Within nations and around the world, modern social media connect disparate people and hence build social capital, intensifying social influences on thought and behavior. For the current period, there is a straightforward lesson. Individuals and nations generally benefit from large numbers of private associations, including sports clubs, religious groups and parent-teacher associations. But in some nations, dense social networks also increase people’s vulnerability to extremism. A great deal of work suggests that terrorism itself can arise not because people are isolated, poor or badly educated, but because they are part of tightly knit networks in which hateful ideas travel quickly. No one should doubt that private associations are desirable and valuable, and that they can produce a dazzling range of social goods, including checks on the power of government. But Satyanath and his co-authors reveal another possibility: that such associations can facilitate the spread of extremism, ultimately laying the groundwork for serious challenges to democracy itself. How to cite Social Capital, Papers

Organizational Development And Change †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Development And Change. Answer: Introduction The essay highlights on the critical evaluation of two different change tools for their effectiveness in a manufacturing and a service Company. The manufacturing and the service company that is chosen for this study are Apple and Centre Bank that is headquartered in USA. The two change tools that are selected for evaluation are TQM (Total Quality Management) and the learning organization. Organizational change refers to the procedure in which the firm changes its strategies, technologies, structure and operational method to impact change within the company and effects of changes on the company (Anderson 2012). The organizational change might occur for distinct time period. This change in the organization has huge significance as it helps in building competition and enhances their growth. In addition, organizational change also permits the employees to investigate new opportunities, learn to develop skills and exercise creativity in varied ways that benefits the companies through inc reased commitment and new ideas. TQM change tools facilitate the companies to recognize, analyze and examine both qualitative as well as quantitative data in relation to business. The learning organization as change tools helps learning of the workers so that the companies can transform itself (Anderson 2016). It mainly develops owing to pressures facing the present organizations as well as enables them for remaining competitive in business environment. The scope of this essay is to elucidate on the significance of change tools on the organization. TQM as change tool and its working TQM refers to themanagement philosophy that seeks to amalgamate all the functions of organization including- marketing, design, customers service, finance and total production etc to concentrate on meeting the requirements of customers and the organizational objectives. It is basically concerned with improvement in work that ranges from high strategic planning level and decision making to the execution of job elements. The organizations implement TQM for managing quality, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. The primary step in the implementation of TQM is to examine the present reality of the organization. They use TQM as strategy for instituting it at the business level for having the desired effect. This change tool works for improving the quality of goods and service and processes of operation (Shani, Pasmore and Woodman 2012). In the TQM effort, the staffs of the companies also participate to improve the culture in workplace. TQM works in the companies bas ed on some principles that includes- total involvement of employee Process centered- The fundamental part of TQM basically focuses on the process thinking. In this process, the inputs are taken from suppliers and then transforms it into output , which are delivered to customers. Communication- This involves strategies and method used for motivating the employees at every level. These elements are vital for TQM that several companies define them as core principles at which they operates (Goetsch, David L and Stanley 2014). Integrated system- Although the companies consist of numerous functional specialists organized into departments structured vertically, it is the horizontal procedure interlinking these functions that becomes the focus of TQM. Strategic approach- The approach usually includes formulation of the strategic plan, which amalgamates quality as basic component. The learning organization as change tool and its working The learning organization as change tools has been commonly hailed as panacea for the success of company in the dynamic economy. This tool aims to bring about innovative methods, new ideas and debate issues. The implementation of this tool helps to enhance the change pace within the company. It also helps them to improve the organizations image by helping them to become more customer oriented (Santos-Vijande et al. 2012). The learning organization is mainly characterized by involvement of total workers in the process of collectively accountable variation that is directed towards shared principles. This change tool foster environment in which the individuals create the outcome that they desires. The main characteristics of the learning organization upon which it works includes- companys structure, Culture- The learning organizational change tool works on strong culture, which promotes openness and creativity among the members. HR (human resource) practice- This change tool works according to HR practice that focuses on the provision of individual learning. This also facilitates in motivating the employees within the organization and improves their performance. Leadership- The learning organization tool mainly depends on effectual leadership. The leaders of the company models openness, communicate vision of this change tool and provide empathy that is required to lead other individuals towards it. Information system-The learning organization tool needs the information system for controlling the business operations and improves practices. Similarity and difference between Apple and Centre Bank The Centre Bank is locally owned community bank that is headquartered in USA. The service provided by this bank includes- relationship banking, decision- making locally, involvement of community and local ownership. The main features of this bank are providing exceptional service and products to the customers with reasonable fees. Being the community bank, they are mainly obsessed with consumer service, having best workers and taking care of their staffs. This bank has developed over the last few decades through successful implementation of TQM principles in the banking industry. Apple Inc is the biggest American multinational software and electronics organization headquartered in California. This organization has become the leader in technology sector by producing price worthy goods that possess huge value in account of technological design. The hardware products produced by this company includes iPhone smartphone, iPad tablet, watches, TV, iPod etc. In addition, this company also p roduces software products such as- macOS, iOS operating systems, Web browser etc. The products manufactured by this company are sold globally through their online stores, resellers and wholesalers. In the recent decades, this entity focuses on the expanding their business through utilization of advanced concepts of design and reengineering of products. The similarity between these two companies is to provide total quality service to their customers. These companies analyze their customers requirement in order to provide better service and manufacture product based on this. On the contrary, the difference between these two organizations is the implementation of change management tool within the business. This means that the strategy formulation by these two organizations differs from each other (Cummings, Thomas and Christopher 2014). Application of TQM on the Apple Inc This company applies integrated team work for improving their objectives including quality, timeliness and cost. They ensures steadiness in product delivery in line with specification of design, quality of product, launch process etc. TQM is based not only on features of product but also on consumer satisfaction and service level provided by them. It also involves both the external as well as internal staffs to supply chain for meeting their consumer needs at lowest cost. This organization adopts TQM with the support as well as commitment from theirmanagement by upholding consumer centric focus on their products, processes and services (Oakland 2014). The management of Apple ensures that their decisions in business comply with laws and regulations. Even their adaptive design also works for their competitive environment that demands flexibility to deal with changing circumstances (Kim et al. 2012). Moreover, this entity does their business in safe working situations, treats their work ers with respect and also utilizes environmentally responsible production process. They also encourage internal teamwork within the organization for achieving TQM as well as competitive advantage against their rivals. In fact, they also formulate strategies in different section by focusing on their customers requirements. One shortcoming that occurs for application of TQM in Apple is that at times there occurs miscommunication gap between the managers and team, which in turn creates fear among employees. However, this lowers morale of the employees and total productivity in business. Application of TQM on the Centre Bank of USA The Centre Bank provides quality service through three ways that includes- Providing high level training to their employees Analyzing the requirements of customers Developing measurement systems for attaining regular feedback One of the strategies applied by this company is provide training to the employees so that they can deliver quality service. They provide non- traditional training to their employees in which the branch managers mentor their employees. The managers coach their consumer service representatives as well as tellers after being coached by the supervisors. Their coaching program also involves videotaping participants during their role play. During these sessions, these employees learn about process of interaction with their customers for determining their financial requirements. In fact, during this interaction they pay special attention to the voice tone, attitude and facial expression of their customers (Bon, Abdul Talib and Esam 2013). Themanagement of this bank also analyzes the requirement of customers through this process in order to deliver high quality service to them. This bank also adopts effective methods of gathering customers feedback in order to improve their service. This in turn helps to satisfy their customers and attain good reputation. As quality service arises from leadership, this bank strategizes to introduce leaders to help their employees make spot decisions regarding customers interest (Carter et al. 2012). One shortcoming of TQM application in this bank that occurs is production disruption. As the bank provides training to some of their employees, it reduces productivity and puts workload pressures on other employees. In addition, this also reduces the total output of other employees working in this bank. Application of learning organizational tool on Apple The learning organization mainly requires knowledge management for supporting distribution of knowledge and learning. As this learning organization occurs at higher level, it involves higher knowledge management (Rasula et al. 2012). Every organization requires both knowledge management and the learning organization in order to succeed in competitive marketplace. The linkage between this change tool and knowledge management help in creating new ideas for adapting to changes in organization. Apple encourages their employees to create new ideas and let them learn from their experience in order to be successful. Although they face several failures or mistakes in their product line, they continue to innovate new ideas in product. Moreover, they learn from this failure and improve it while manufacturing next product. This company also utilizes best practice in this change tool in order to understand which strategy is success and failure. This in turn helps them to have new idea for creati ng the product. The shortcoming that arises in this case is that few products of Apple did not achieve success in the market due to implementation of new ideas in products. Application of learning organization on the Centre Bank This bank in USA applies team learning in which this change tool and global functions in business is integrated under same roof. Through this change tool the bank make the decision relative to customer service and this bank. Moreover, the managers of this bank have the responsibility to implement this change tool within all divisions (Jacobs et al. 2013). The individuals within the bank have given the permission to share their vision with other staffs for creating the commitment sense to long term. In addition, this bank involves the staffs at all levels who have the capability of personal mastery for implementing this change tool. This learning organizational change tool aids personal mastery through creation of environment favorable to individual pursuits. However, this tool helped this bank to gain competitive advantage against their rivals. Conclusion The conclusion that can be drawn from the above study is that implementation of change tool impacts both positively and negatively to the organization. There are some of the vital factors that influences success or failure of the companies, which includes- lack of proper plan, poor management during the change procedure, mismatch between the entitys context and change plan. Most of the organization around the globe learns lessons from their failure and manufactures product with higher quality as well as provides better services to their customers. Moreover, effective implementation of TQM and the learning organization change tool helps both the manufacturing and service companies to enhance their productivity and maximize profitability level. 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